Law for court judges curropt
This is a list of miscarriage of justice cases. This list includes cases where a convicted individual was later cleared of the crime and either has received an official exoneration, or a consensus exists that the individual was unjustly punished or where a conviction has been quashed and no retrial has taken place, so that the accused is legally assumed innocent. This list is not exhaustive. Crime descriptions with an asterisk indicate that the events were later determined not to be crdissimissicase
For Charges as high as Robbery or murder any infraction on arrest case dissimised on arraignment held 3hours then taken to precinct ,not read Miranda rights , no phone call at the precinct Failure to do Totality of the circumstance on a snitch test in formant left anynomous dissimissied case
most states, an infraction is not considered a criminal offense and is rarely punishable by incarceration. Instead, such jurisdictions treat infractions as purely civil offenses. Even in jurisdictions that treat infractions as criminal offenses, incarceration is not usually contemplated as a reasonable form of punishment, and in those rare cases where it is, confinement is limited to serving time in a local jail.Like misdemeanors, infractions are often defined in very broad language. For example, Arizona defines them as offenses "without either designation as a felony or a misdemeanor or specification of the classification or the penalty is a petty offense."Common Examples Of InfractionsIt is not uncommon for a person to have been cited for an infraction, which most likely resulted in a fine or some other administrative penalty. Some common infractions include:Minor traffic violations in some states (although serious violations can be charged as misdemeanors and felonies)LitteringBoating violationsFishing without a licenseBuilding permit violationsOperating a business without a proper licenseJaywalkingDrinking in publicWalking an unleashed dogCampsite violationsWhile many states and the federal government still have fairly strict drug laws, there have been efforts to classify certain drug offenses as infractions instead of misdemeanors or felonies. For example, possession of less than 10 grams of marijuana is considered a civil offense in Maryland and is punishable by a fine of up to $100 (but no jail time or other penalties). This type of violation is not included in a person's criminal record in Maryland or other states with similar laws.
Eyewitness error is the single greatest cause of wrongful convictions nationwide, playing a role in 72% of convictions overturned through DNA testing.
leading factors in wrongful convictions are: Eyewitness misidentification. False confessions. Police and prosecutorial misconduct
paper will dutifully analyze the causes that lead to wrongful convictions and amply discuss potential solutions, all of which includes eyewitness misidentification, improper forensics, false confessions, informants, government misconduct, and insufficient lawyering
estimate that between 4-6% of people incarcerated in US prisons are actually innocent. If 5% of individuals are actually innocent, that means 1/20 criminal cases result in a wrongful conviction
Self defence laws
14-51.3. Use of force in defense of person; relief from criminal or civil liability.(a) A person is justified in using force, except deadly force, against another when and to the extent that the person reasonably believes that the conduct is necessary to defend himself or herself or another against the other's imminent use of unlawful force. However, a person is justified in the use of deadly force and does not have a duty to retreat in any place he or she has the lawful right to be if either of the following applies:(1) He or she reasonably believes that such force is necessary to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to himself or herself or another.(2) Under the circumstances permitted pursuant to G.S. 14-51.2.(b) A person who uses force as permitted by this section is justified in using such force and is immune from civil or criminal liability for the use of such force, unless the person against whom force was used is a law enforcement officer or bail bondsman who was lawfully acting in the performance of his or her official duties and the officer or bail bondsman identified himself or herself in accordance with any applicable law or the person using force knew or reasonably should have known that the person was a law enforcement officer or bail bondsman in the lawful performance of his or her official duties. (2011-268, s. 1.)