How We Help

Paving the Way to a Better Tomorrow

Harlem Renaissance the birth of black businesses

History of Harlem Renaissance

The Harlem Renaissance was the development of the Harlem neighborhood in New York City as a Black cultural mecca in the early 20th Century and the subsequent social and artistic explosion that resulted. Lasting roughly from the 1910s through the mid-1930s, the period is considered a golden age in African American culture, manifesting in literature, music, stage performance and art.

SEE MORE:

Great Migration

The northern Manhattan neighborhood of Harlem was meant to be an upper-class white neighborhood in the 1880s, but rapid overdevelopment led to empty buildings and desperate landlords seeking to fill them.

In the early 1900s, a few middle-class Black families from another neighborhood known as Black Bohemia moved to Harlem, and other Black families followed. Some white residents initially fought to keep African Americans out of the area, but failing that many whites eventually fled.

Outside factors led to a population boom: From 1910 to 1920, African American populations migrated in large numbers from the South to the North, with prominent figures like W.E.B. Du Bois leading what became known as the Great Migration.

In 1915 and 1916, natural disasters in the south put Black workers and sharecroppers out of work. Additionally, during and after World War I, immigration to the United States fell, and northern recruiters headed south to entice Black workers to their companies.

By 1920, some 300,000 African Americans from the South had moved north, and Harlem was one of the most popular destinations for these families.

Langston Hughes

This considerable population shift resulted in a Black Pride movement with leaders like Du Bois working to ensure that Black Americans got the credit they deserved for cultural areas of life. Two of the earliest breakthroughs were in poetry, with Claude McKay’s collection Harlem Shadows in 1922 and Jean Toomer’s Cane in 1923. Civil rights activist James Weldon Johnson’s The Autobiography of An Ex-Colored Man in 1912, followed by God’s Trombones in 1927, left their mark on the world of fiction.

Novelist and du Bois protege Jessie Redmon Fauset's 1924 novel There Is Confusion explored the idea of Black Americans finding a cultural identity in a white-dominated Manhattan. Fauset was literary editor of the NAACP magazine The Crisis and developed a magazine for Black children with Du Bois.

Sociologist Charles Spurgeon Johnson, who was integral in shaping the Harlem literary scene, used the debut party for There Is Confusion to organize resources to create Opportunity, the National Urban League magazine he founded and edited, a success that bolstered writers like Langston Hughes.

Hughes was at that party along with other promising Black writers and editors, as well as powerful white New York publishing figures. Soon many writers found their work appearing in mainstream magazines like Harper’s.

Zora Neale Hurston

Anthropologist and folklorist Zora Neale Hurston courted controversy through her involvement with a publication called FIRE!!

Helmed by white author and Harlem writers’ patron Carl Van Vechten, the magazine exoticized the lives of Harlem residents. Van Vechten’s previous fiction stirred up interest among whites to visit Harlem and take advantage of the cultural and nightlife there.

Though Van Vechten’s work was condemned by older luminaries like DuBois, it was embraced by Hurston, Hughes and others.

Countee Cullen

Poetry, too, flourished during the Harlem Renaissance. Countee Cullen was 15 when he moved into the Harlem home of Reverend Frederick A. Cullen, the pastor of Harlem’s largest congregation, in 1918.

The neighborhood and its culture informed his poetry, and as a college student at New York University, he obtained prizes in a number of poetry contests before going onto Harvard’s masters program and publishing his first volume of poetry: Color. He followed it up with Copper Sun and The Ballad of the Brown Girl, and went on to write plays as well as children’s books.

Cullen received a Guggenheim fellowship for his poetry in and married Nina Yolande, the daughter of W.E.B. DuBois. Their wedding was a major social event in Harlem. Cullen’s reviews for Opportunity magazine, which ran under the column "Dark Tower," focused on works from the African-American literati and covered some of the biggest names of the age.

Louis Armstrong

The music that percolated in and then boomed out of Harlem in the 1920s was jazz, often played at speakeasies offering illegal liquor. Jazz became a great draw for not only Harlem residents, but outside white audiences also.

Some of the most celebrated names in American music regularly performed in Harlem—Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Bessie Smith, Fats Waller and Cab Calloway, often accompanied by elaborate floor shows. Tap dancers like John Bubbles and Bill “Bojangles” Robinson were also popular.

With the groundbreaking new music came a vibrant nightlife. The Savoy opened in 1927, an integrated ballroom with two bandstands that featured continuous jazz and dancing well past midnight, sometimes in the form of battling bands helmed by Fletcher Henderson, Jimmie Lunceford and King Oliver.

While it was fashionable to frequent Harlem nightlife, entrepreneurs realized that some white people wanted to experience black culture without having to socialize with African Americans and created clubs to cater to them.

The most successful of these was the Cotton Club, which featured frequent performances by Ellington and Calloway. Some in the community derided the existence of such clubs, while others believed they were a sign that Black culture was moving toward greater acceptance.

Paul Robeson

The cultural boom in Harlem gave Black actors opportunities for stage work that had previously been withheld. Traditionally, if Black actors appeared onstage, it was in a minstrel show musical and rarely in a serious drama with non-stereotypical roles.

At the center of this stage revolution was the versatile Paul Robeson, an actor, singer, writer, activist and more. Robeson first moved to Harlem in 1919 while studying law at Columbia University and continually maintained a social presence in the area, where he was considered an inspirational but approachable figure.

Robeson believed that arts and culture were the best paths forward for Black Americans to overcome racism and make advances in a white-dominated culture.

Josephine Baker

Black musical revues were staples in Harlem, and by the mid-1920s had moved south to Broadway, expanding into the white world. One of the earliest of these was Eubie Blake and Noble Sissle’s Shuffle Along, which launched the career of Josephine Baker.

White patron Van Vechten helped bring more serious lack stage work to Broadway, though largely the work of white authors. It wasn’t until 1929 that a Black-authored play about Black lives, Wallace Thurman and William Rapp’s Harlem, played Broadway.

Playwright Willis Richardson offered more serious opportunities for Black actors with a several one-act plays written in the 1920s, as well as articles in Opportunity magazine outlining his goals. Stock companies like the Krigwa Players and the Harlem Experimental Theater also gave Black actors serious roles.

Aaron Douglas

The visual arts were never welcoming to Black artists, with art schools, galleries and museums shutting them out. Sculptor Meta Warrick Fuller, a protégé of Auguste Rodin, explored African American themes in her work and influenced Du Bois to champion Black visual artists.

The most celebrated Harlem Renaissance artist is Aaron Douglas, often called “the Father of Black American Art,” who adapted African techniques to realize paintings and murals, as well as book illustration.

Sculptor Augusta Savage’s 1923 bust of Du Bois garnered considerable attention. She followed that up with small, clay portraits of everyday African Americans, and would later be pivotal to enlisting black artists into the Federal Art Project, a division of the Work Progress Administration (WPA).

James VanDerZee’s photography captured Harlem daily life, as well as by commissioned portraits in his studio that he worked to fill with optimism and separate philosophically from the horrors of the past.

Marcus Garvey

Black nationalist and leader of the Pan-Africanism movement Marcus Garvey was born in Jamaica but moved to Harlem in 1916 and began publishing the influential newspaper Negro World in 1918. His shipping company, Black Star Line, established trade between Africans in America, the Caribbean, South and Central America, Canada and Africa.

Garvey is perhaps best known for founding the Universal Negro Improvement Association, or UNIA, which advocated for “separate but equal” status for persons of African ancestry with the goal of establishing Black states around the world. Garvey was famously at odds with W.E.B. DuBois, who called him "the most dangerous enemy of the Negro race in America." His outspoken views also made him a target of J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI.

Harlem Renaissance Ends

The end of Harlem’s creative boom began with the stock market crash of 1929 and The Great Depression. It wavered until Prohibition ended in 1933, which meant white patrons no longer sought out the illegal alcohol in uptown clubs.

By 1935, many pivotal Harlem residents had moved on to seek work. They were replaced by the continuous flow of refugees from the South, many requiring public assistance.

The Harlem Race Riot of 1935 broke out following the arrest of a young shoplifter, resulting in three dead, hundreds injured and millions of dollars in property damage. The riot was a death knell for the Harlem Renaissance.

Impact of the Harlem Renaissance

The Harlem Renaissance was a golden age for African American artists, writers and musicians. It gave these artists pride in and control over how the Black experience was represented in American culture and set the stage for the civil rights movement.

Sources

Harlem Stomp! A Cultural History of the Harlem Renaissance. Laban Carrick Hill.
The Harlem Renaissance: Hub of African-American Culture, 1920-1930. Steven Watson.
The Harlem Renaissance: A Historical Dictionary For The Era. Bruce Kellner, Editor.

Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Hellfighters Fiorello LaGuardia Imposes Curfew to Halt Harlem Rioting The Legendary Harlem Hellfighters Renaissance

The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the ...read more

Tulsa Race Massacre

During the Tulsa Race Massacre, which occurred over 18 hours from May 31 to June 1, 1921, a white mob attacked ...read more

See Photos From the Harlem Renaissance's Cultural Explosion

The New York City neighborhood of Harlem was the center of a cultural explosion from late 1910s through the mid-1930s. ...read more

Renaissance Art

Known as the Renaissance, the period immediately following the Middle Ages in Europe saw a great revival of interest in ...read more

Italian Renaissance

Toward the end of the 14th century A.D., a handful of Italian thinkers declared that they were living in a new age. The ...read more

The Great Migration

The Great Migration was the relocation of more than 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of ...read more

The Roaring Twenties

The Roaring Twenties was a period in history of dramatic social and political change. For the first time, more ...read more

How the Harlem Globetrotters Rose From Midwest Obscurity to Become Global Stars: Photos

For nearly a century, the Harlem Globetrotters have brought flair and antics to the game of basketball. The team has ...read more

A Harlem Hellfighter's Searing Tales from the WWI Trenches

Like many veterans of the killing fields of World War I, Horace Pippin had a tough time shaking off the memories. So in ...read more

F. Scott Fitzgerald A Tour of Old Hollywood Flashback: Scopes Monkey - Rare Footage of the "Trial of the Century"The Birth of Bourbon 18th and 21st Amendments

Post: Our Causes

AlliedPowers RoyalCommission

Sep 24, 20225 min read

Self Defence Execution normal citizen kill app fraud easy to get your money back "Computer forensic

App fraud easy to get your money back . In Google put "Computer forensic" near meForensic Accountant : check business accounts for fraudComputer Forensic Services : Handel all app fraud tablets , bank accounts , cell phones ,Laptop ,Desk top etc .On Google in google 'Computer Forensic' near you . All app fraud is returned on the first phone over the phone call in minute's or less with the ATM footage for less than $600 Start up and major company's "Computer Forensic" is the name of businesses who cover app fraud to computers ,cell phones , tablets any device . The legal process over the phone call or text Computer forensic services app fraud is not new or undeveloped by investigation teams your money is returned and fee is transfered back to the company after app fraud is scanned and only your name and bank name is needed no bank account number is nessecary . Legal rates Fee :App fraud is usually $300-$599 for regular checking personal account . Business accounts start at $1000-$2000Tip √G$√1000 no less .Forensic AccountantHire to cover Business accounts or Investigation on lawyers and Bank account issues of business when a Lawyer or accountant who had or has access to your business account . If you have more than 51% ownership you can call any Forensic account service and have your lawyer or accountant detailed with out him or her knowing better to not tell so me forensic team can see your lawyer or accountant while he or she is using the business bank account .ATM money never came out the machine . If the ATM ever jam and you never recievied your cash the process is you call the number on the back of your Debit or credit card . The store or Bank ATM will not return your money even if their willing to because thats private company in corner stores it takes 3-5 days for them to fly in for that one machine when with a commercial back like M & T you money is returned in minutes because they can see or pull the ATM footage faster to see the transaction was a machine default or scam jammer by fraud kids or did you do the fraud they can determine by investigation database that show ATM footage and activities rreal time . The number on the back of you debit card will have your money back in 10days short investigation the legal length a company has to notify of a lengthy Investigation 45 days max you have to wait before you file a lawsuit walking in court or online which files in your local court any city town or state . Turbocourt.comWays to discover a fraud app forensic company .No SomaoNeed account numbersNo Account lock after fraud is transfered Laws Immediately granted in cases if a business defraud or fraud u you are granted the Full amount of everything spent in the store from the day of first purchase on a 911 call if you ask no lawsuit is required . Its called asking the police for a "Conjunction" on the scene or the crime when they arrive or the 911 callSo from your first 25¢ Quarter water to every pack or cigar or cigerrettes purchased to beers money , optomo , blunts Strawberry & Vinnella Dutches era, raws the fund or what amonut of money you settle for The corner store or Even Macy's have to pay immediately in a 911call conjunction in15 days garnishment will happen . With a admittance they admited to you or Police they knew the law or what they were doing is wrong you don't have to wait 15 days its automatically deposit in you bank account on the crime scene .

10days the legal length a company has to notify of a lengthy Investigation 45 days max

Conjunctions are what you ask police for money back for crime with money loss like theft ,grandlarceny larceny robbery ,scam ,scheme or con artist , computer tampering etc involved no lawsuit is needed to be filed police who say its a civil matter report to Military Internal fairs in your state or file a report at www.alliedforce.world .

You can File a small claims lawsuit a civil relief $5,000-or$10,000 courts with a note in Description Reward and get Billions (Reward in the a small cliams case) Under 7 small wrong doing is still a small claim and can file at www.turbocourt.com starting at $34.00 which is sent to your local state or town courts properlly prepared and filed with court date and index number .

Corner stores

Calitilizing : Any profit earned by store retail coner store who charge over 4 times the worth

Cup of tea $1.50 now But the profit earned math is a stack of cups are $2.00 a box of 100 cups divide to 2¢ a cup ,water free ,tea bag is $3.00 for 50 pack that's 3¢ . 60¢ is the exact amount estimated . $1.50

Chinese Restaurants

Half of chicken and fried rice or 4chicken wings and French fries . Profit margin $10 at green acres farm wholesale for 50 pieces of chicken a box of chicken quarters $7 on sale that 20¢ a plate for rice prices divided by weight purchased amount 10¢ .That's Less than $1.00 the price to make Half of chicken and Fried Rice .

Debit card Minimum

in Bodega ,Corners Stores Deli ,Convience Store ms

Debit card Purchase less than $5.00or $10.00

If you want to purchase something for $1.00 and the Debit card minimum is $5.00 that's more that 4times the profit guilty of the law calitizing .

A pair of Michael Jordan cost less than $7.00 a sneaker if you google "The average cost to make Michael Jordan Sneakers" Average price for sale $80-$350 new arrivals .

Law ingenious

Dirty Arabs say its a high card fee by law state on limit card company's to the max they can make to charge every transaction is 23¢ a transaction .

The state down not pick up Tickets for opening a back of Newport or any Phillip Morris brand Ciggerrttes .Selling Loosely are legal to open a pack of cigerttets and sell single cigs at your local Bodega ,Corners Stores Deli ,Convience Store .

Signs im being Frauded and laws to defend you self :

Law : Any sales tax charged after 2020 or signs in store 1fraud Conjunction for everything ever purchased from the day I came to this store .

Law ; Galching :the charge a extra fee or only me they went up 2¢

Law : False Advertising :Menu say 1 price you charge $1.00 or 25¢ more .

Law ; Inconvenience : To get on your nerves to get in your way to . To take you out you regular scheduled ,To antagonize you .

Law ; Computer Tampering : Any app fraud punishment of Execution for 100 years for over 1¢ 1penny ,A alter or as small as aname change in a Facebook.com or Instagram profile or bank account is computer tampering Over 1¢ penny capital offence Death row .

Security and Police standing in a ATM detail or patrol is illegal according to your security training 6-8 hours or Criminal justice school the police academy in all 50 states .Law 2000 years old .Any crime a police or security official take or do is punishment by Execution by shooting by A2 training and hire or 100 years each offence with regular arrest 100 year is a execution sentence by stats courts .

Comments

Post: Blog2_Post

How We Help

Harlem Renaissance the birth of black businesses

Self Defence Execution normal citizen kill app fraud easy to get your money back "Computer forensic

Recent Posts

Comments